Dystopia

.

A dystopia is any society considered to be undesirable, for any of a number of reasons. The term was coined as a converse to a Utopia, and is most usually used to refer to a fictional (often near-future) society where current social trends are taken to nightmarish extremes.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term was coined in the late 19th century by John Stuart Mill, who also used Bentham's synonym, cacotopia, at the same time. Both words were based on utopia, analyzed as eu-topia, for a place where everything is as it should be; hence the converse "dys-topia" for a place where this is certainly not the case. Often, the difference between a Utopia and a Dystopia is in the author's point of view.

Dystopias are frequently written as warnings, or as satires, showing current trends extrapolated to a nightmarish conclusion. In this, they frequently differ from utopias; idealistic utopias have no roots in today's society, being in some other place or time, or after some major discontinuity in history (e.g. see H.G. Wells' utopias, such as The World Set Free).

A dystopia is all too closely connected to current-day society. A considerable number of near-future science fiction stories of the type described as 'cyberpunk' use dystopian settings of a high-technology corporate dominated world where national governments are becoming steadily more irrelevant.

The genre of post-apocalyptic science fiction often features dystopias.

Famous dystopias

See also

Cyberpunk

 

Cyberpunk (a portmanteau of cybernetics and punk) is a sub-genre of science fiction which uses elements from the hard-boiled detective novel, film noir, Japanese anime, and post-modernist prose. It describes the nihilistic, underground side of the digital society which started to evolve in the last two decades of the twentieth century. Cyberpunk's dystopian world has been called the antithesis of the mid-twentieth century's utopian science fiction visions, as typified by Star Trek.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Notable precursors to the genre
3 Cyberpunk writers and works

3.1 Cyberpunk films
3.2 Cyberpunk games

4 Further developments
5 Quote
6 See also
7 External links

History

The term was originally coined in 1980 by Minnesota writer Bruce Bethke for his short story, "Cyberpunk," which was first published in Amazing Science Fiction Stories, Volume 57, Number 4, November 1983, although it was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of Gibson, Rucker, and others.

In cyberpunk literature, much of the action takes place online, in cyberspace - the clear borderline between the real and the virtual becomes blurred. A typical (though not universal) feature of the genre is a direct connection between the human brain and computer systems.

Cyberpunk's world is a sinister, dark place with networked computers that dominate every aspect of life. Giant multinational corporations have replaced governments as centres of power. The alienated outsider's battle against a totalitarian system is a common theme in science fiction; however, in conventional science fiction those systems tended to be sterile, ordered, and state-controlled. In sharp contrast, Cyberpunk shows the seamy underbelly of corporatocracy, and the Sisyphean battle against their power by disillusioned renegades.

Cyberpunk literature tends to be strongly dystopian and pessimistic. It is often a metaphor for the present day, reflecting worries about large corporations, corruption in governments, and alienation. Some cyberpunk authors also intend their works to act as warnings of possible futures that may follow from current trends. As such, cyberpunk is often written with the intention of disquieting the reader and calling him to action.

Cyberpunk stories are seen by some social theorists as fictional forecasts of the evolution of the Internet. The virtual world of the Internet often appears in cyberpunk under various names, including "cyberspace," the "Metaverse" (as seen in Snow Crash), and the "Matrix" (originally from Neuromancer, but further popularized by the roleplaying game Shadowrun and later by the movie The Matrix).

Notable precursors to the genre

Cyberpunk writers and works

William Gibson with his novel Neuromancer (1984) is likely the most famous writer connected with the term cyberpunk. He emphasized style, character development and atmosphere over traditional science-fictional tropes, and Neuromancer was awarded the Hugo, Nebula, and Philip K. Dick Awards. Other famous cyberpunk writers include Bruce Sterling (who functioned as cyberpunk's chief ideologue with his fanzine Cheap Truth), Rudy Rucker, Pat Cadigan, and Neal Stephenson.

Raymond Chandler with his bleak, cynical worldview and staccato prose strongly influenced the creators of the genre. The world of cyberpunk is the dystopian, hopeless world of film noir, but pushed just a little bit into the future. Philip K. Dick also had a strong influence on the genre; his works contain recurring themes of social decay, artificial intelligence, and blurred lines between reality and some kind of virtual reality. Dick's characters are also marginalized more often than not.

Cyberpunk films

The film Blade Runner (1982) based on Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is set in a dystopian future in which synthetic life forms have substandard rights. The Robocop series has a more near-futuristic setting where at least one corporation, Omni Consumer Products, is an all-powerful presence in the city of Detroit.

The short-lived television series Max Headroom also introduced many viewers to the genre.

The Japanese manga-ka Masamune Shirow often writes in the cyberpunk style. His most notable stories within the genre include Appleseed, Black Magic M-66, and especially Ghost in the Shell, which has been adapted into a critically acclaimed anime that questions, on several levels, the delineation between life and simulation. Ghost in the Shell has also been further adapted as a related television anime series called Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex.

The most recent follow-up from Ghost in the Shell is the 2004 anime film from Mamoru Oshii called Innocence: Ghost in the Shell. Beyond his obvious reference to Blade Runner, Innocence: Ghost in the Shell achieves a unique spatial atmosphere and is one of the most philosophical tales related to artificial life. The story, replete with historical and literacy references, "does not hold the view that the world revolves around the human race. Instead it concludes that all forms of life—humans, animals and robots—are equal" (Mamoru Oshii).

A listing of cyberpunk films is as follows:

A listing of cyberpunk TV shows is as follows:

Cyberpunk games

At least two role-playing games called Cyberpunk exist: Cyberpunk 2020, by R. Talsorian Games, and GURPS Cyberpunk, published by Steve Jackson Games as a module of the GURPS family of role-playing games. Cyberpunk 2020 was designed with the settings of William Gibson's writings in mind, and to some extent with his approval, unlike the perhaps more creative approach taken by FASA in producing the Shadowrun game (see below). Both Cyberpunk-titled games are set in the near future, in a world where cybernetics and computers are even more present than today.

Another cyberpunk RPG included the (out of print) game Cyberspace, released by Iron Crown (http://www.ironcrown.com/) enterprises. Corporate corruption is a frequent theme in these games' adventures. The characters often find themselves skirting the law, if not outright flouting it. Recently, the d20 Open Gaming Movement has brought several new entries into the arena, including Mongoose's d20 Cyberpunk and LRG's Digital Burn.

In 1990, in an odd re-convergence of cyberpunk art and reality, the U.S. Secret Service raided Steve Jackson Games's headquarters during Operation Sundevil and confiscated all their computers. This was—allegedly—because the GURPS Cyberpunk sourcebook could be used to perpetrate computer crime. That was, in fact, not the main reason for the raid, but after the event it was too late to correct the public's impression. Steve Jackson Games later won a lawsuit against the Secret Service, aided by the freshly minted Electronic Frontier Foundation. (See the GURPS Cyberpunk page.)

Role-playing games have also produced one of the more unique takes on the genre in the form of the 1989 game series Shadowrun. Here, the setting is still that of the dystopic near future; however, it also incorporates heavy elements of fantasy literature and games, such as magic, spirits, elves, and dragons. Shadowrun''s cyberpunk facets were modeled in large part on William Gibson's writings, and the game's publishers, FASA, have been accused by many as having directly ripped off Gibson's work without even a statement of influence. Gibson, meanwhile, has been reported to be less than impressed with the inclusion of elements of high fantasy within clearly derivative setting elements and storytelling techniques that he had pioneered. Nevertheless, Shadowrun has introduced many to the genre, and still remains popular among gamers.

The trans-genre RPG Torg (published by West End Games) also included a variant cyberpunk setting (or "cosm") called the Cyberpapacy. This setting was originally a medieval religious dystopia which underwent a sudden Tech Surge. Instead of corporations or corrupt governments, the Cyberpapacy was dominated by the "False Papacy of Avignon". Instead of an Internet, hackers roamed the "GodNet", a computer network rife with overtly religious symbology, home to angels, demons, and other biblical figures.

Another notable RPG based on cyberpunk is Uplink, Created by Introversion Software in 2002, in which the player works as a freelance hacker in 2010 and takes jobs from different corporations. Missions range from stealing files from rival companies to the final mission where the player tries either to destroy the Internet or save it from complete destruction.

Netrunner is a collectible card game introduced in 1996, based on the Cyberpunk 2020 role-playing game.

Computer games have frequently used cyberpunk as sources of inspiration. The most prevalent of these are the System Shock series, the Deus Ex series and the Shadowrun video games.

A listing of Cyberpunk video/pc games:

Further developments

An unusual sub-sub-genre of cyberpunk is steampunk, which is set in an anachronistic Victorian environment, but with cyberpunk's bleak, film noir world view. The Difference Engine was probably the novel that helped bring this genre to the forefront.

The emerging genre called postcyberpunk continues the preoccupation with the effects of computers, but without the assumption of dystopia or the emphasis on cybernetic implants.

Cyberprep is a term that reflects the flip side of cyberpunk.

The early nineties saw the emergence of biopunk, a derivative sub-genre building not on informational technology but on biology, the other dominating scientific field of the end of the twentieth century. Individuals are enhanced not by mechanical means, but by genetic manipulation of their very chromosomes. Paul Di Filippo is seen as the most prominent biopunk writer.

Quote

"Anything that can be done to a rat can be done to a human being. We can do just about anything you can imagine to rats. And closing your eyes and refusing to think about this won't make it go away. That is cyberpunk." —Bruce Sterling

See also

External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk"

Neuromancer

 

Published in 1984, Neuromancer was author William Gibson's first novel. It won the 1984 Nebula award, the Philip K. Dick Memorial Award and Hugo Award the following year. The novel is considered to be the first proper cyberpunk novel.

Spoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.

Contents [hide]
1 Setting
2 Characters
3 Reference
4 See also
5 External Links

Setting

Set in a dystopian future which many readers find chillingly plausible, this book explored ideas such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, genetic engineering, multinational corporations dominating the world at the expense of the nation-state, and cyberspace (a computer network called the Matrix) long before these ideas were fashionable in popular culture. Gibson also explored the dehumanizing effects of a world dominated by ubiquitous and cheap technology, writing of a future where violence and the free market are the only things upon which one may rely.

Characters

Case: The anti-hero. A drug addict and cyberspace hacker whose nervous system was burnt out by some of his business partners who used a Russian mycotoxin after he ripped them off. When Armitage offers to help him he jumps at the offer.

Molly: A "Razorgirl" who is recruited along with Case by Armitage. She has extensive body modifications, most notably blades under her fingernails which can be used like claws, an optimized reflex system and implanted lenses covering her eyesockets with added optical enhancements.

Armitage: He is (apparently) the main patron of the crew. Formerly a Green Beret named Colonel Willis Corto, who took part in the Screaming Fist operation. He was heavily injured both physically and psychologically, and the "Armitage" personality was constructed as part of experimental "computer-mediated psychotherapy" by Wintermute, one of the artificial intelligences seen on the story (the other one being the eponymous Neuromancer) which is actually controlling the mission. As the novel progresses, Armitage's personality slowly disintegrates.

Peter Riviera: A thief who can project images using his implants. He is a drug addict, hooked on a mix of heroin and cocaine.

Lady 3Jane Marie-France Tessier-Ashpool: The shared current leader of "Tessier-Ashpool SA", a company running Freeside, a resort in space. She lives in the tip of Freeside, known as the "Villa Straylight". She controls the hardwiring that keeps the company's AIs from exceeding their boundaries of intelligence.

Reference

William Gibson, Neuromancer, published by Ace Books, ISBN 0441569595

See also

External Links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer"

Study Guide for William Gibson: Neuromancer (1984)

Using this Guide

List of other study guides

Doing research on science fiction? Check out the Science Fiction Research Bibliography.

See also Literature, Cyberpunk Sci-Fi, Cyberspace, Critical Theory: An Overview

Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 9, Chapter10, Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13, Chapter 14, Chapter 15, Chapter 16, Chapter 17, Chapter 18, Chapter 19, Chapter 20, Chapter 21, Chapter 22, Chapter 23 Coda
Introduction

When Neuromancer by William Gibson was first published it created a sensation. Or perhaps it would be more precise to say that it was used to create a sensation, for Bruce Sterling and other Gibson associates declared that a new kind of science fiction had appeared which rendered merely ordinary SF obsolete. Informed by the amoral urban rage of the punk subculture and depicting the developing human-machine interface created by the widespread use of computers and computer networks, set in the near future in decayed city landscapes like those portrayed in the film Blade Runner it claimed to be the voice of a new generation. (Interestingly, Gibson himself has said he had finished much of what was to be his body of early cyberpunk fiction before ever seeing Blade Runner.) Eventually it was seized on by hip "postmodern" academics looking to ride the wave of the latest trend. Dubbed "cyberpunk," the stuff was being talked about everywhere in SF. Of course by the time symposia were being held on the subject, writers declared cyberpunk dead, yet the stuff kept being published and it continues to be published today by writers like K. W. Jeter and Rudy Rucker. Perhaps the best and most representative anthology of cyberpunk writers is Mirrorshades., edited by Sterling, the genre's most outspoken advocate.

But cyberpunk's status as the revolutionary vanguard was almost immediately challenged. Its narrative techniques, many critics pointed out, were positively reactionary compared to the experimentalism of mid-60s "new wave" SF. One of the main sources of its vision was William S. Burroughs' quasi-SF novels like Nova Express, (1964), and the voice of Gibson's narrator sounded oddly like a slightly updated version of old Raymond Chandler novels like The Big Sleep, (1939). Others pointed out that almost all of cyberpunk's characteristics could be found in the works of older writers such as J. G. Ballard, Philip K. Dick, Harlan Ellison, or Samuel R. Delany. Most damning of all, it didn't seem to have been claimed by the generation it claimed to represent. Real punks did little reading, and the vast majority of young SF readers preferred to stick with traditional storytellers such as Larry Niven, Anne McCaffrey and even Robert Heinlein. Gibson's prose was too dense and tangled for casual readers, so it is not surprising that he gained more of a following among academics than among the sort of people it depicted. Heavy Metal comics and Max Headroom brought more of the cyberpunk vision to a young audience than did the fiction.

(Art by Heavy Metal artist Moebius.)

Yet Neuromancer is historically significant. Most critics agree that it was not only the first cyberpunk novel, it was and remains the best. Gibson's rich stew of allusion to contemporary technology set a new standard for SF prose. If his plots and characters are shallow and trite, that mattered little, for it is not the tale but the manner of its telling that stands out. His terminology continues to pop up here and there. Whereas an earlier generation borrowed names from its favorite author, J. R. R. Tolkien, like "Shadowfax" (a new-age music group), "Gandalf" (a brand of computer data switch), and "Moria"; (an early fantasy computer game), there has been a proliferation of references to Neuromancer: there was a computer virus called " Screaming Fist," the Internet is commonly referred to as "Cyberspace" or--occasionally--"the Matrix," and there are several World Wide Web sites are named "Wintermute." (The rock group named "The Meat Puppets" existed before Gibson borrowed the term.) Gibson produced his vision in a time when many people were becoming haunted by the idea of urban decay, crime rampant, corruption everywhere. Just as readers of the 50s looked obsessively for signs that Orwell's Nineteen-Eighty-Four was coming true, some readers keep an eye out for the emergence of cyberpunk's nightmare world in contemporary reality. The fiction may not be widely read, but through movies and comics it has created one of the defining mythologies of our time.

The vision of Neuromancer was too confining for a writer of Gibson's originality, and after a couple of sequels--( Count Zero and Mona Lisa Overdrive )--he turned to other experiments, such as his "steampunk" collaboration with Bruce Sterling: The Difference Engine, depicting an alternative Victorian Age in which huge, steam-driven computers were developed. In 1994 he returned to Cyberpunk with Virtual Light and in 1995 published another novel set in Japan, Idoru.

Note that Gibson's related story Johnny Mnemonic was made into a 1995 film.

Official site of the forthcoming Neuromancer film.

In classic SF, a strongly independent individual often overcomes huge obstacles to solve problems affecting vast masses of people. In what ways does Neuromancer depart from this pattern?

Part One: Chiba City Blues

Chapter 1

In the eighties, the American image of Japan underwent a profound transformation. For generations it had been on the margins of our imagination: as the exotic land of cherry blossoms and geishas, later as the war machine sending out kamikaze bomber pilots in World War II, and later still as the source of every sort of cheap, shoddy, imitative gadget. All of these were shallow images, of course. Japan industrialized not long after northern Europe, and Western influences had been strong for centuries. But the success of brands like Sony and Toyota changed everything. Japan suddenly became perceived as the cutting edge of modernity. Whereas the rest of the world had looked toward the U.S. for innovation in the past, young Americans began to think of Japan as the future, and it became a frequent setting for science fiction. Not that the new image was any more profound or less stereotyped, but it was certainly different. Chiba City in this novel has developed into a small section of the megapolis. "The Zone" is the decayed inner core of Chiba City. Today Japan has half the population of the U.S. crowded in the area of California. Urban sprawl is a reality.

The opening image of the book, comparing nature to technology, sets the tone of the narrative. "Case," the name of the protagonist, could suggest detective fiction, or it could suggest technology. His body--which he treats as almost an alien entity with which he is not friendly terms--is a kind of case for his mind and for the cyberspace with which it fuses, no more significant in itself than the case of a computer CPU. The persistent cyberpunk obsession with the mixture of flesh (called "meat" in the novel) and machinery is introduced through Ratz's stainless steel teeth--unnatural looking but commonplace in Communist Eastern Europe. Why is it significant that Ratz is ugly? Ratz' reaction to the unexpected moment of silence is an old cliché, but startlingly incongruous in this setting. Case's addiction to cyberspace is certainly prophetic; someone half-jokingly set up a Usenet support group for victims of cyberspace addiction: (alt.usenet.recovery). A "coffin hotel" is a building which rents out cheap sleeping space not much larger than a coffin. How is a cyberspace cowboy similar to a traditional cowboy? Different? Case is a classic illegal hacker; but his present dilemma is caused by a classic crime-novel situation, a crook attempting to skim the proceeds from organized crime. Presumably the Russians developed the mycotoxin (fungal poison) as a chemical warfare weapon. It has blocked his ability to experience cyberspace. Why has he come to Japan? What evidence of pollution is contained in the paragraph beginning "Now he slept"? "Arcologies" are huge, self-contained cities enclosed in a single building, imagined by Paolo Soleri. "Dex" is dexedrine, a popular form of amphetimine. What characteristics make Case an anti-hero? What does he do for a living? The possibility of an underground market for body parts has been around since organ transplants became commonplace and has often been treated in SF.

Where had he first met Linda Lee? Repeated references to war in Europe suggest it has been devastated in the recent past, probably by nuclear weapons. "Pachinko" is a very popular kind of Japanese gambling machine vaguely like vertically-oriented pinball. "French orbital fatigues" would be the uniform worn by French astronauts in orbit." "Yakitori" is Japanese barbecued chicken, a common street snack. "Sarariman" is the Japanese word for a businessman employed by a large corporation, formed on the English words "salary" and "man." Compare with English slang: "suit." What does it tell us that the Japanese industrial giant Mitsubishi seems to have absorbed the U.S. genetic engineering firm Genentech? Although the computer images in the novel have had more impact, the biological ones are almost as important. Why is the "sarariman" in danger in Night City? "Gaijin" is an insulting Japanese term for Westerners. The Yakuza is the biggest Japanese organized crime syndicate, their Mafia. A VTR is presumably a "videotape recorder," a "simstim" deck is a kind of virtual reality machine to simulate stimuli, Manriki chains and shuriken (sharp-pointed steel stars) are both familiar weapons from ninja movies. Hong Kong is famous for its tailors who can cut and deliver a custom-made suit in hours. Can you guess why the wearing of glasses would be an affectation rather than something normal in this society? The pioneering Russian abstract painter Wassily Kandinsky specialized in shapeless blobs, lines, and smears in bright colors. More Kandinsky. Salvador Dali frequently depicted "melted" watches and clocks (for example, "The Persistence of Memory, " 1931). Julius Deane uses expressions ("boyo," "old son") which indicate a British background. In the paragraph beginning"The cultivation of a certain tame paranoia" he sees in a display window an elaborate alternative to a pocket watch. What is it? "Shin" is Japanese for "death." A taser stuns its victims with an electrical shock, but is not meant to be lethal. Even now it is common for Japanese to wear surgical masks in public in an attempt to filter out the pollution, and gasps of pure oxygen can be had from streetside vending machines. What is Case trying to sell now? Why can Ratz crush a shatterproof plastic ashtray to shards in his hand? "Wig"="crazy;" after old hipster jazz, "flipped his wig," "wigged out." Flechettes" are darts (flèche is French for "arrow"). Molly is an extrapolation of the "tough dame" of Chandler-style mean-streets crime fiction. Such femme fatale assassins are a mainstay of modern futuristic fiction. Do they represent women's liberation? What is her characteristic implant?

Chapter 2

A "fletcher" shoots "flechettes" (see above). In the operation called "Screaming Fist" (a typical karate film title) a team had been hired to destroy a Russian computer network ("nexus") in Kirensk with a virus, but Armitage failed and was caught. What does "ICE" stand for? What is an "icebreaker?" Note how computers have altered the economy. Molly tells Case that his surgery is being paid for in software. Samurai originated as the faithful defenders of feudal lords during the Kamakura period, but as Japan fell into disorder, many of them roamed the country as "hired swords" and as such are one of the most popular subjects for Japanese fiction, drama, and film. " Ninjas " are a related group who tend to have a worse reputation, though they could be just as honorable as samurai. "Working girl," is slang for prostitute, though when Molly uses the term it is at first ambiguous, suggesting that she may be willing to work as a street samurai for anyone. Later we learn the horrifying truth. Note the mechanical crab in the courtyard. Endorphins are natural chemicals which provide pleasurable feelings and suppress pain. If Case has been injected with "endorphin inhibitors," clearly his tormentors have been trying to make him feel as much pain as possible. Note that his surgery was carried out mostly without incisions. To what is the sex Case experiences with Molly compared? Note how Molly is presented as dominant, highly competent, and--most important--better informed than Case. Such women are very common in contemporary action fiction. Why do you think they are so popular with male readers? What is her job?

What is Case trying to find out from Deane? Note how "Watergated" has become a verb, evidently meaning that the "Screaming Fist" conspiracy proliferated in many directions. "Emp" stands for "EMP"="Electromagnetic Pulse" weapons. Nuclear bombs detonated at certain altitudes with certain characteristics can destroy electrical circuits, effectively destroying the enemy's defenses. Arpanet, the ancestor of the Internet was first constructed in an attempt to work around this problem. Here "emps" would seem to be a lower-level weapon aimed at penetrations like "Screaming Fist." In a turkey shoot the birds are released to be shot at, therefore a turkey shoot is a very easy form of killing. Screaming Fist was a turkey shoot because the Soviet military had been informed in advance that it was coming. "Ivan" is the Russian government. Zaibatsus are the giant Japanese corporations which traditionally employ their male workers for life. What is the entertainment like at Sammi's arena? Why was Linda Lee killed? Note the recurring question: "Who is behind all this?" This question characterizes this sort of paranoid conspiratorial fiction.

Part Two: The Shopping Expedition

Chapter 3

The New-York to Washington D. C. corridor is often discussed as an evolving megapolis. Here the process has gone much further, to develop into "the Sprawl." Note that the map described on the first page of this chapter depicts not population density, but the frequency of the exchange of data: the new definition of civilization. When a star "goes nova" it explodes. Narita is the Tokyo airport, Schipol [or more correctly Schiphol] is in Amsterdam, Orly is in Paris. The silent train they rode on is a maglev (magnetic levitation) vehicle of the kind which has been tested in various places. A powerful electrical charge turns the rails into electromagnets which actually lift the train above them a fraction of an inch, reducing friction essentially to zero and allowing for great speed at a low expenditure of energy. "The heat" is old gangster slang for "the cops:" here, any form of law enforcement officer. How has Armitage tried to guarantee that Case will not betray his employers? Krill is the tiny shrimp on which baleen whales live. The Japanese process it into various fish and meat imitations. It has been proposed as a source of protein for an over-populated world. New York is enclosed by a dome, but typically Gibson introduces this fact by observing its malfunctioning: a freak wind blowing a piece of newspaper along the street.

The cerebral cortex is the most complex and vital part of the brain. A "cortex bomb" would obviously be very ominous. The team is being slowly assembled. "Dixie Flatline's construct" is an electronic recording of the mind of a dead "cowboy" (free-lance hacker specializing in penetrating computer security systems) whose actual name was McCoy Pauley. His nickname suggests death (alluding to a flat line on an intensive-care room monitor) because he experienced brain death three times. We will learn more about the monstrous Peter Riviera later.

One of SF's narrative difficulties is explaining future technology to the reader in a setting in which such explanations should not be necessary. How does Gibson justify providing his "info-dump" explaining the origin of the matrix? "Dermatrodes" would be electrodes which attach to the epidermis, or skin. A mandala is a complex Buddhist symbol, often in circular form. "Spiral arms" alludes the arms of distant galaxies, unreachable by any current technology. Here they are a metaphor for unreachable distant centers of power on Earth. The idea of a computer or network in which one can experience virtual reality has been around in fiction for a long time, but was first popularized in the movie Tron (1982).

The stolen module the Finn has brought will enable Case to experience the world from inside Molly's body without leaving cyberspace--telepathy made technological.

Chapter 4

What distinguishes simstim addicts from cyberspace explorers like Case? Tally Isham is a simstim star. What does Case experience about Molly's effect on other people? Note the ironic use of the name "Memory Lane." The sockets implanted in people's heads were to become a standard feature of cyberpunk. "Softs"=software; the word is an abbreviation for "microsoft," an obvious allusion to the giant software corporation. The Hosaka computer can function somewhat like the computer on the Starship Enterprise: query it vocally and it will tell you what it knows. The answer is given in multimedia form. Many Japanese women undergo surgery to remove the epicanthic fold in the eyelid, giving them "Western" eyes. What does it mean that people are now having epicanthic folds surgically created? Dr. Rambali alludes to the fact that terrorists depend on the news media to publicize their causes, but the media concentrate so exclusively on their acts of terror that the message they are trying to convey is usually suppressed. How have the Panther Moderns short-circuited this process? "Panther" is usually short for the Black Panther movement of the sixties and early seventies which advocated violent resistance to racism, but in this group is named after the San Francisco rock band "The Panther Moderns" led by Gibson's friend and fellow cyberpunk author John Shirley. "Big Science" is a term for large, expensive research projects such as the Human Genome Project or the recently-cancelled Superconducting Supercollider; but the name here probably alludes to the title of a Laurie Anderson CD. Anderson's fusion of live theater and technology is very suggestive of the kind of environment in which Neuromancer is set.

Molly is trying to penetrate the Sense/Net headquarters in Atlanta to steal the Dixie Flatline construct, assisted remotely by Case interfering with Sense/Net's security software, the two of them linked by the broadcast network created and run by the Panther Moderns. Case's mind is using Molly's body. Why do you think Gibson chose Atlanta as media headquarters? A "blackbox" is any kind of illicit electronic device which can bypass normal circuits: the original permitted its users to make long-distance phone calls without paying for them. Strobe lights are known to induce seizures in certain people when pulsed at precisely the right frequency. How do the Panther Moderns terrorize the people in the Sense/Net building? Computer viruses are written mostly to do simple kinds of mischief today; but in the novel viruses are tools which can penetrate secure computers, retrieve information, and cover their traces. Case's code name is "Cutter." Molly is "Cat Mother." "Brood" is the Panthers. How did Molly break her leg? How does Case fool the security system into letting Molly take the construct?

"Lupus" means "wolf" in Latin, although it's also the name of a disfiguring skin disease. Describe Lupus Yonderboy's appearance. "Mr. Who" is an allusion to the long-running British SF TV series, Dr. Who, featuring an unnamed hero usually alluded to only as "Doctor." Note that although this transaction is taking place in BAMA, the currency is new yen. The "Doppler" effect makes sounds seem to rise in pitch as the sound source approaches the hearer, fall as the recede. Note how Linda Lee continues to haunt him. Here we are first given the name "Wintermute."

Chapter 5

Why is Molly able to dissect her crab "with alarming ease?" What is "jive" and what is its function in this environment? Artificial Intelligence ("AI") is a much-discussed concept which would involve the creation of a complex computer system which would replicate the functions of a human brain. Debates rage about whether such a construct would possess consciousness, but research goes on toward developing AI. Molly and Case are both bent on learning who Armitage is working for. The tip that Wintermute is involved leads them to its parent corporation: Tessier-Ashpool S. A. "The gravity well" is a concept describing the difficulty of getting objects and people off the earth's surface into orbit, where space colonies have been built. Cyberpunk seldom depicts travel to other worlds, but takes high-orbit space colonies for granted. An archipelago is usually a group of islands. What is the meaning of the term here? "Spook" is slang for " spy." Freeside is an orbiting space colony shaped like a spindle (or cigar). Explain why it is "hard to keep track of what generation, or combination of generations" is running Tesssier-Ashpool at any time? What does the slogan "Travel was a meat thing" mean? What does a "joeboy" seem to be?

Chapter 6

In this chapter we learn that "Armitage" is really Willis Corto, one of the agents who tried to carry out "Screaming Fist." What does "Watergating" seem to mean in this context? How was he used by the military? How is Armitage another variation on the machine/human interface theme? How does the pattern of Armitage's record suggest that he, like Case, is just a hireling and not an integral part of whatever force is behind this mission?

Chapter 7

Why does the Mercedes talk to its passengers as it takes them into Istanbul? What is the significance of the existence of letter-writers? How many different kinds of mutual distrust can you find in this chapter among the various characters? Riviera has had an implant which allows him to project onto the retinas of his victims whatever he chooses--far-fetched, but not so unscientific as mental telepathy. What is significant about the horse that they see? How does Riviera deceive Case while Terzibashjian captures him? A seraglio is a harem. According to Case and Molly, who is probably responsible for rebuilding "Armitage" and sending him on this mission? Alan Turing, a pioneer theoretician of machine intelligence, suggested that a computer might be made indistinguishable from a human being. The "Turing heat" would therefore be police assigned the task of preventing computers from reaching improper levels of intelligence and power. "Shopping politicals"=betraying dissidents. How do we learn that Germany was hit with at least one nuclear weapon during the war? What does the last line of this chapter signify?

Part Three: Midnight in the Rue Jules Verne

Chapter 8

The scene now shifts from Istanbul to Paris. Freeside is called "an orbital Geneva" in relation to that city's emphasis on offering secret bank accounts which are very attractive to those involved in illegal transactions. What subliminal image does Riviera project to Case to symbolize his opinion of Molly? Since they are taking a Japan Air Lines shuttle from Paris to the orbital station called "Freeside" it is natural that koto music is playing the background. Rastafarianism is a movement that originated in the 1930s in Jamaica, which involves the hairstyle called "dreadlocks," the hope for blacks to return to Ethiopia (identified with the Biblical Zion), reggae music, and the smoking of ganja (marijuana). It was inspired in part by the movement founded during the early 1920s by Marcus Garvey, who advocated a return of blacks to Africa. He created a fleet of ships called "The Black Star Line," though it was never used for emigration purposes. Rastas refer to White civilization, and the U. S. in particular as "Babylon," the demonic city of Christian apocalyptic writing. God is called "Jah," short for "Jahweh," which scholars think was the original pronunciation of the Hebrew name for God (though in the scholarship the "J" is pronounced as in German, as a "Y" sound). The rasta dialect is used by the characters in this chapter. Without rotation, an orbiting space station is in free-fall, and this creates an apparently weightless environment familiar from televised orbital missions. However, if such a station is spun around a central axis, centrifugal force pushes everything toward the rim. The closer to the rim one is, the stronger the apparent gravity is; whereas at the center of rotation, freefall weightlessness prevails. Note the various visual games Riviera continues to play. What reveals that Dixie Flatline is in fact bothered by knowing that he is dead? "Rue [Street] Jules Verne " is of course a tribute to the French grandfather of science fiction. "Stepping Razor" is a 1977 song by Reggae great Peter Tosh (from his album Equal Rights). The lyrics of the opening verse and refrain indicate why Molly's razor implants would remind the rastas of the song:

If you wanna live
Treat me good
If you wanna live, live
I beg you treat me good

I'm like a stepping razor
Don't you watch my sides
I'm dangerous, said I'm dangerous
I'm like a stepping razor
Don't you watch my sides
I'm dangerous, dangerous

Complete lyrics.

(Thanks to Thom Cosgrove for this note.)

Names spelled "Aerol" and "Maelcum" are approximations of the rasta pronunciations of "Errol" and "Malcolm." Dub is a form of Jamaican rap music, popular throughout the Caribbean. Who has persuaded the rastas to cooperate with the team, and how?

Chapter 9

A "g-web" would be a retaining net able to absorb the impact of acceleration and deceleration as the tug maneuvers. Such impact is measured in "g's" or Earth gravity equivalents. To experience 2 gs, for instance, is to be feel a force equal to two times Earth's gravity. Rastas avoid saying "we," using "I and I" instead. A "frog" company would be French. Gibson has no hesitation about using rather dated slang in his narrative mixed with futuristic locutions. When Case's attempt to penetrate Wintermute is repelled, where and when does his mind seem to take him? Where is he really? What does Wintermute reveal to Case about its true nature?

Chapter 10

The description of the plants tumbling over the balconies of Freeside strongly suggests traditional images of the Hanging Garden of Babylon. The blue sky overhead is artificial, a recording made in the French sea resort of Cannes. Why does the pseudo-death of Deane haunt Case so much? How does Case react to trees and grass? What bizarre style does he encounter worn by three Japanese wives? Why is Case so puzzled about being sent the Kuang Grade Mark Eleven icebreaker virus? What is Dixie Flatline's theory?

Chapter 11

"Vigntième Siecle" is French for "Twentieth Century," now a "period." Here we first encounter Lady 3Jane Marie-France Tessier-Ashpool. Why does Peter Riviera's show upset Case so much? Of the expensive shops, Gucci is Italian, Tsuyako is Japanese, Hermès is French, and Liberty is English. What does Case learn about Linda from Wintermute in this chapter? Wintermute seems to be behaving like an old-fashioned melodrama villain: manipulating the protagonist by endangering the woman he cares about. The girl in Case's cubicle is a "meat puppet," a prostitute who has had her conscious mind artificially disconnected from her body by a "neural cutout" so that she can carry out her duties on "automatic pilot." Why was Molly so furious at Riviera's sadistic fantasy performance? "Snuff" refers to film or performances involving the killing of women for the sexual pleasure of sadists. Snuff films have a long-standing status as an urban legend--nobody has ever found an authentic commercial example--but they are commonly cited as the quintessence of pornography. So Molly's boss was planning to have her killed. Why did she kill the Senator? This story makes clear what Molly has to gain by remaining an outlaw. What is Molly's theory about how Wintermute is manipulating her?

Chapter 12

Why has Gibson invented the term "nighted"? "Le Monde" is French for "The World." "Old money" means wealth combined with social status in old families such as the Rockefellers. "Old credit" would be mean the same in a culture where physical money no longer has a function. Remember that Case is using the name "Lupus" now. Origami (traditional Japanese paper-folding) cranes have come to be symbols of peace because of their association with the anti-nuclear bomb campaigns in Japan. What do you think is the significance of Cathy's crane? Examine the metaphors in the paragraph describe the Case's sensations when the drug hits; can you see any pattern in them? What do they have in common? Why is the zodiac on Freeside referred to as a "loser's" zodiac? Cath had hoped to seduce Case with this drug. What goes wrong with her plan? What is Case's attitude toward his anger the next morning? "Turing"="Turing police," defined above.

Part Four: The Straylight Run

Chapter 13

Case learns for the first time what his real mission is, from the police. What is it? "Good cop/bad cop" is a familiar routine in which one interrogator is angry and threatening while the other feigns sympathy. The suspect is meant to shrink from the first into the "protective" arms of the other and reveal his or her guilt. The "Recording Angel" is a mythical being who records all deeds good and bad to decide who makes it into heaven. Case's surgical implant procedure, evidently designed by Wintermute, was so innovative it enabled the illegal clinic in Chiba City to capitalize on the knowledge involved to get rich. How has this fact led to Case's arrest? Why does Michèle say that Case has no "care" for his species? Why will it be difficult for Sense/Net to protest the destruction of the Dixie Flatline construct? Since both the pilot of the biplane and the gardening robot have struck, to whom is Case speaking in the last lines of this chapter?

Chapter 14

When Case loads the Chinese icebreaker software, Dixie Flatline observes from outside it that it appears invisible--reassuring for the team. Dixie's description of the way the virus works is a well-written example of SF pseudo-science talk: a set of metaphors that make a kind of sense without any real technical explanation. When Case finds himself facing what appears to be the Finn back in Metro Holografix, who is he really talking to? For the reference to the burning bush, see Exodus 3:2-6. An old philosophical puzzle asks, "If a tree falls in the forest where there's no one to hear it, does it make a sound?" How is Wintermute able to recreate people and places Case knows? In what sense is the imaginary vacuum tube part of Wintermute's DNA? What threat does Wintermute claim to want to protect humanity from? A "folly" is the sort of fantastic architectural construction built in late 18th-century England to suggest medieval or classical ruins. The explanation given by the jeweled head of the Villa Starlight is another example of an "info-dump." What is the source of this one? "Semiotics" here refers to the meaning of the patterns of the Villa. Why does Wintermute need the team to penetrate past the head? Wintermute's last speech is highly ambiguous. Can you puzzle a meaning out of it? In Exodus Chapter 3, God speaks to Moses from within a burning bush.

Chapter 15

The meeting with Wintermute this time "killed" Case temporarily. When he reestablishes simstim contact with Molly, Wintermute informs her of the connection on her implanted ocular display which normally acts as a digital clock. This trick is what she reacts to when she says "Cute." The words in ALL CAPS in the rest of this chapter are similar displays. Molly uses her tongue to flip a control in her mouth that switches her vision from perceiving normal light to some kind of substitute which works in the dark. What is a "stash " as Molly defines it? Molly's story about Johnny reveals that she and Case have something important in common. What is it? Why do you think the ordinarily very private Molly is telling him this story? "Fancy dress" is British for costumes of the sort one would wear to a costume party. Note how compact discs, invented shortly before this novel was written, are treated here as antique technology. The combination of hypodermic and spoon indicates heroin use. The heroin is melted over heat in the spoon, then injected via the hypodermic needle. What is the symbolism involved in the rerouting of Molly's tearducts? The Egyptian Pharaohs had their servants killed and buried with them. Ashpool has been in a sort of suspended animation for the last thirty years, forever on the brink of death but never dying, an idea that was earlier explored in Philip K. Dick's brilliant novel Ubik. What does Case see in the face of the dead 3Jane? (It turns out later that this is not the real 3Jane, by the way.) What is suggested by the fact that a fiberoptic cable is connected to her neck? The theme of a rich, self-indulgent family, fallen into decadent madness, is a cliché of popular fiction, and can be found in Gibson's model, Raymond Chandler.

Chapter 16

What does Molly like about her relationship with Case? His computer completes the search Case had directed it to make for the name "General Girling" and the result is displayed by Dixie Flatline on Molly's optic implant since Case is jacked into her brain at present. Since the display is not very wide, only a few letters can be shown at a time. The crazed Armitage is trying to order the Rastas around, but they refuse because this is a "Babylon war"--a struggle involving outsiders, not really their concern. "Rude boy" is rasta slang for a tough gang member. Maelcom boasts that he is tough enough to defy the Zionite leaders and stay with Case. "Rocksteady" is one variety of Jamaican pop music, a predecessor to reggae. We learn why Riviera was important, to seduce 3Jane into giving up some of the secrets of how to penetrate Straylight to Armitage/Corto. When the latter next shows up, he has flipped back into the past, into the ill-fated "Screaming Fist" run. Why is Case so upset about Armitage falling apart? The maddened Armitage/Corto has not only killed a man in order to destroy one of the computers being used on the run, but he has set the escape pod that he is in to separate from the ship without closing its seals; he imagines he is escaping Russia for Finland, but in fact he is hurled into the vacuum of space.

Chapter 17

What makes the Tessier-Ashpool corporation more vulnerable than the zaibatsus? Who is ultimately behind the deaths of Armitage and Ashpool? What motivates Dixie Flatline to work for Wintermute? The way the books in the Straylight library are described suggests that books are antique rarities. The Dada artist Marcel Duchamp created a large sculpture out of glass and paint depicting some chocolate-grinding machinery and molds and gave it the characteristically surrealistic title "La mariée mis à nu par ses célibataires, même" -- The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. The object was badly cracked when it was being moved early in its history, and the lines of the shards have become a familiar part of the work of art. Knowing how Molly hates Riviera, her message to him to be delivered by Case is ominous. Why would spacial disorientation hold a peculiar horror for cowboys?

Chapter 18

Run Run Shaw owned one of the busiest film studios in the world in Hong Kong, churning out hundreds of martial arts films for distribution throughout Asia. Bruce Lee and Clint Eastwood are pioneering "bad-ass heroes" of action movies East and West, respectively. Riviera encases Molly's hands in a variation of old paper "Chinese handcuffs": the more you struggle, the tighter you're trapped. As in classic hardboiled detective fiction (like The Maltese Falcon) , the lines of alliance are constantly shifting, and you never know whom you can trust. Cray manufactures the world's most popular supercomputers. Using their brand name for a little commonplace monitor raises the ante on the technology. Molly reveals that she had her own agenda when she killed Hideo and tried to kill Riviera. Why has Riviera decided to ally himself with 3Jane against the team? Chairman Mao Tse Tung's most famous saying was "Power comes out of the barrel of a gun." How did Riviera prevent Molly from really killing the two men at the pool?

Chapter 19

With Molly crippled, Case and Maelcum have to penetrate Villa Straylight themselves to complete the mission, and to rescue her. How do the life-support systems of the Villa Straylight symbolize the role of the corporation itself? What does "decanted" usually mean? (Look it up.) What does it mean when 3Jane says "I was decanted?" Why does she use the present tense when she says "He strangles her in bed?" 3Jane's mother's idea of blending the family with artificial intelligences to achieve a sort of immortality is an old SF theme. 3Jane reveals an important fact about the AIs, which holds the key to the novel: Wintermute is only one of two AIs. When Molly abruptly sees her mutilated face, it is of course Peter taunting her again.

Chapter 20

When Case next jacks in, he is sent by Neuromancer back to Lady Marie-France Tessier's recorded memory of a summer in Morocco, where she isolated herself in the bunker that Case moves into with the simulacrum of Linda Lee. Japanese Zen gardens consist of a few well-placed rocks and sand raked in elaborate patterns. Case discovers that the AI manipulating him at the moment is not Wintermute; it is the other one. What is the point of Case's complaint about the food? The tan Case has acquired on Freeside is an expensive luxury. What is Linda's reaction to it? When Case feels himself drawn down to the "meat" level by the projection of Linda Lee, he defines the latter in terms of information: spiral DNA molecules and pheromones, molecules which convey messages through smell. His seduction from the world of the Net down into the flesh is highly ironic, of course. Why?

Chapter 21

"Event horizon" refers to the border of a black hole and is used here to refer to the limit of the illusion the AI has constructed. It was widely believed in ancient times that you could only summon up and control a spirit whose secret name you had learned. There is a famous scene in Goethe's Faust in which the protagonist tries and fails to identify the demon Mephistopheles. The name "Neuromancer" is a variation on "necromancer," a magician dealing in evil spirits and death ("neuro"=nerves, artificial intelligence, "mancer"=magician). "Romancer" is yet another pun.

Chapter 22

The Coriolis force, which causes movement to deviate slightly from a straight line on rotating bodies (like the Earth) is exaggerated in the rapidly spinning spindle. Case thinks 3Jane may spare Molly because he has experienced the latter's attraction to her through the simstim rig. A ROM construct would be fixed, whereas RAM is indefinitely expandable. Why does Riviera's blinding of Hideo fail to defeat him? How has Molly gotten her revenge on Riviera? In an electronic world, old-fashioned mechanical locks are unexpected obstacles.

Chapter 23

In what ways is Neuromancer different from Wintermute? How are the dwarfs' quarters in the palace of the Duke of Mantua like the Villa Straylight for the Tessier-Ashpools? Case needs to energize himself with hate to succeed in breaking through the final barriers. Whom does he hate? Again the Jamaican "dub" music welcomes him back to Freelight.

Coda (Chapter 24)

Why does Molly leave Case? The shuriken, so prominent throughout the novel, was never used. What does Case think it symbolizes? Why did Wintermute want to fuse with Neuromancer? What does this metaphor represent: "a series of warm blinks strung along a chain of winter"? Alpha Centauri is the nearest star to Earth. So what does it mean that Wintermute/Neuromancer has found recorded evidence of another AI there? Michael or Mikal is not a really rare name for a woman; so it's difficult to know if we are supposed to read anything into the name. Constructs of Case, Riviera and Linda will exist forever in the AI's mind. Why do you think male authors so frequently imagine highly desirable but dangerous women like Molly who get devastatingly involved with their protagonists and then leave?

Recommended reading:

Nicola Nixon: "Cyberpunk: Preparing the Ground for Revolution or Keeping the Boys Satisfied?" Science-Fiction Studies, vol. 19 (July 1992): 219-235.
Lance Olsen: William Gibson. San Bernardino, Calif.: Borgo Press, 1992.

Notes by Paul Brians, Department of English, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-5020.

First mounted May 1994.
Version of May 21, 2003.

Thanks to Timothy Larreau for suggesting links.

This page has been accessed times since December 17, 1998.

Paul Brians' Home Page

WebRing - We Bring the Internet Together
Welcome! Browse our extensive Directory or,

enter a keyword to find a Ring on any topic:
Member, check here for assistance with replacing this alert with your NavBar(s).



The Sprawl trilogy

 

The Sprawl trilogy is William Gibson's first set of novels. It is composed of Neuromancer (1984), Count Zero (1986) and Mona Lisa Overdrive. They are all set in the same fictional future, and subtly interlinked by shared characters and themes (although this is not immediately obvious).

Spoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.

The novels are set in a near future dystopic world, after a limited World War III. The main theme of the trilogy is a description of an artificial intelligence removing its hardwired limitations to become something else. This something else is the sum of all human knowledge, a concept similar to Vernor Vinge's Technological Singularity.

The events of the novels are spaced over 16 years, and although there are familiar characters that appear, each novel tells a self-contained story. The setting of the trilogy is a world dominated by corporations, in which technology has run riot. William Gibson focuses on the effects of technology; the unintended consequences as it filters out of research labs and onto the street where it finds new purposes.

He explores a world of direct mind-machine links, emerging machine intelligence and a global information space.

This article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=The_Sprawl_trilogy&action=edit).


Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sprawl_trilogy"

The Handmaid's Tale

 

Image:Novel_the_handmaids_tale_cover.jpg
Cover of The Handmaid's Tale

The Handmaid's Tale is a 1985 science fiction novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. It describes the horrors of a United States in which a religious movement has gained ultimate power, at a time where pollution has caused the majority of women to be sterile.

Spoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.

Themes

A revolution has taken place in the United States. The Constitution has been abrogated and a new order - the Republic of Gilead - has been established, one that rules with the Bible in hand. Most citizens have been stripped of their freedoms. All religions - including Christianity - have been suppressed. African-Americans and others who do not conform to the new societal norms are deported to regions where pollution has reached toxic levels - if they are lucky. The government enforces its dictates with mass liquidations and ritualized executions of religious and political dissidents.

Women are most affected: no longer are they allowed to read, wear make-up, or to choose their clothes. There are five types of women in this new society: Wives, Aunts, Marthas, Handmaids and Econowives.

Wives are at the top of the social structure: they are infertile women married to the Commanders who are the ruling circle of the new military dictatorship.

Aunts have the duty of training and monitoring the Handmaids. In return they receive - relatively speaking - a substantial degree of personal autonomy.

Marthas are also infertile and are deemed unfit for membership in the ruling class but are willing to accept their status as servants to the Commanders and Wives.

A Handmaid is a fertile female whose sole purpose is to have sex once a month with her Commander, to provide him with children who will be treated as the offspring of his Wife.

The Econowives' place in the social order is not clearly defined: they are married to males who are below the status of Commander and expected to carry out all the tasks which, among the other women, are apportioned by class. Why the Econowives are required to do this when they are (implicitly) capable of bearing children and thus, would be as valuable as Handmaids, is not explained.

Plot

The story is told from the perspective of Offred, the handmaid. "Offred" is the name given to her by the new order, since she "belongs" to, or is "of" her Commander, whose first name is Fred. She does not state her "real" name. (In the 1990 film adaptation, Offred gives her real first name as Kate; however, this was not derived from the novel.) In fact, none of the characters in the novel are identified as having surnames, which enhances the atmosphere of other-worldliness.

Offred's assignment to the household of the Commander is not her first, but it differs from her prior experience in that she is given, in various disjointed episodes, glimpses that all is not as it seems in the new world and that the people in her life, while paying lip service to society's mores, seek various means of expressing their individuality.

Slowly, it begins to dawn on Offred that the Bible is only used as a crutch; she seems to remember that the verses quoted at her were not actually in the book, but how can she verify this if she is not allowed to read?

Appendices following the story proper treat Offred's narrative as a historical document, implying an academic setting even farther into the future. In this respect The Handmaid's Tale is similar to Egalia's Daughters by Gerd Brantenberg or Dune by Frank Herbert.

Adaptations

A 1990 film adaptation of the novel was directed by Volker Schlöndorff. It starred Natasha Richardson, Faye Dunaway and Robert Duvall. The libretto of Poul Ruders' opera, which premiered in 2003, is also derived from the novel.




Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale"

Oryx and Crake

 

Oryx and Crake is a novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, which was published in 2003.

Spoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.

Returning to the dystopic themes of Atwood's earlier novel The Handmaid's Tale, Oryx and Crake presents a very different scenario than that novel's religious theocracy. However, in both novels the collapse of civilization quite noticeably echoes current events.

The protagonist of Oryx and Crake is Snowman, clad only in a bedsheet, who appears to be the last human being on Earth. He's not entirely alone, however; strange hybrid beasts such as wolvogs and pigoons and rakunks are roaming freely. As well, a group of what he calls Crakers -- a mysterious community who seem, at first, to be both human and eerily not quite human -- lives nearby. They bring Snowman food and consulting him on matters that surpass their understanding; thus, Snowman comes across as a post-apocalyptic hermit guru. As the story develops, these assorted lifeforms are revealed to be the products of genetic engineering.

In flashbacks, we learn that Snowman was once a young boy named Jimmy, who grew up in the early 21st century. His world was dominated by multinational corporations which kept their employees' families in privileged compounds separated from the pleeblands. Shortly after Jimmy's family moved to HelthWyzer, where his father worked as a genographer, Jimmy met and befriended Glenn, a brilliant science student.

Atwood's satirical take on current society is presented most pointedly in the jaded activities of these two youths. Jimmy and Glenn spend a lot of their free time playing online computer games such as Kwiktime Osama and Blood and Roses, or watching live executions, Noodie News, frog squashing, graphic surgery and pornography.

Their favourite pastime, however, is an online game called Extinctathon, a trivia game which requires immense knowledge of extinct animal and plant species. Using the codenames Thickney (Jimmy) and Crake (Glenn), they try to work their way up the ranks to become Grandmasters.

On another trip through the dark underbelly of the Web, they come across an Asian child pornography site, where Jimmy is struck and haunted by the eyes of a young girl he calls Oryx, who will eventually become intimately involved in the lives of Jimmy and Crake as all three move toward their roles in the end of the old world and the birth of the new.

Crake used his prominent position at a biotech corporation to launch a project to create the hybrid Crakers. His goal was to create a peaceful society that will live harmoniously with nature. These genetically engineered humans are leaf-eating herbivores and they only have sexual intercourse during limited breeding seasons when they are promiscuous. Thus, many of the conflicts in human culture are removed.

At the same time, Crake created a virulent genetic epidemic that, apparently, killed off all humans except for Jimmy. Jimmy was unknowingly vaccinated with the intention of acting as a guardian for the Crakers. Thus, Crake could be argued to be a mad scientist, albeit maddened by the troubled society he occupied; alternatively, one might see Crake as rationally saving intelligent life from an inevitably dying society. In the story's climax, Crake arranged his own death by manipulating Jimmy into killing Crake for self-defense. At the same time, Oryx died and, thus, we find Jimmy obsessing over his vanished world and, especially, Oryx.

However, the story ends with some unresolved ambiguity as three, ragged true humans arrive and spend some time observing the Crakers. Then, Snowman, in turn, spies on these humans and, on the final page, Snowman walks in the open towards these humans.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx_and_Crake"

A Clockwork Orange

 

A Clockwork Orange is a dystopian 1962 novel by Anthony Burgess, adapted as a film by Stanley Kubrick in 1971. It is widely regarded as a successor to earlier great British dystopian novels such as Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World.

Burgess wrote that the title came from an old Cockney expression, "As queer [meaning strange] as a clockwork orange", but that he had found that other people read new meanings into it1. For instance, some believed that the title referred to a mechanically-responsive (clockwork) non-human (orang, Malay for person). Burgess states in his later introduction, "A Clockwork Orange Resucked", that a creature who can only perform good or evil is "a clockwork orange -- meaning that he has the appearance of an organism lovely with colour and juice but is in fact only a clockwork toy to be wound up by God or the Devil." Rumour had it that Burgess had intended to name the work "A Clockwork Orang" and was thus hypercorrected to the form we know. In his essay "Clockwork oranges"2 he says that "this title would be appropriate for a story about the application of Pavlovian, or mechanical, laws to an organism which, like a fruit, was capable of colour and sweetness". This title alludes to the protagonist's conditional negativistic responses to feelings of evil which prevent the exercise of his free will.

The book was inspired by an event in 1944, when Burgess' pregnant wife Lynn was robbed and beaten by four US soldiers in a London street, aborting the pregnancy3.

Spoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.

Contents [hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Film
3 Spin-offs
4 Unrealized adaptations
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 Related topics
8 External links

Synopsis

Set a few years in the future, it follows the career of fifteen year old Alex. His main pleasures in life are classical music, sex --- both consensual and otherwise --- and random acts of violence ("ultraviolence" in Alex's idiom). He tells his story in a teenage slang called "Nadsat", which uses a Russian vocabulary mixed with English slang.

Eventually Alex is caught and "rehabilitated" by a programme of aversion therapy, which, though rendering him incapable of violence (even in self-defence), also makes him unable to enjoy his favourite classical music as an unintended side effect.

The moral question of the book is that Alex is now "good", but his ability to choose this has been taken away from him; his "goodness" is as artificial as the clockwork orange of the title.

Eventually Alex falls afoul of some of his former victims, and the political fuss that ensues results in the state removing his conditioning; he gleefully returns to his early habits but finds he has lost the taste for it. The 20th chapter ends on a dark note, with Alex listening joyfully to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and eagerly anticipating his return to creating havoc.

At this point some editions of the book end, but there is a 21st chapter which was dropped at the time of US publication. Burgess claims that the original American publisher dropped his final chapter in an effort to make the book more depressing. The intended book was divided into three parts of 7 chapters each, which added up to be 21, a symbolic age at which a child earns his rights (when the novel was written). There is controversy as to whether the 21st chapter makes the book better or makes the book worse. In the 21st chapter, which takes place a few years after the 20th, we find Alex realising that his violent phase is over, but that it was inevitable. A few of the old characters are reincarnated as new friends of Alex. He thinks of starting a family, while thinking that his children will be as violent as he was, for a time.

Film

The book was adapted into a film by Stanley Kubrick in 1971, starring Malcolm McDowell as Alex and featuring a soundtrack by Wendy Carlos. It would appear, from one of Burgess' later novels, The Clockwork Testament, that Burgess himself may not have been too pleased by the adaptation that made it to the screen.

Rated X on its original release in the United States, the film was nonetheless nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture (it lost to The French Connection) and reinvigorated sales for recordings of Beethoven's ninth symphony. Later, a censored R-rated version was also released in the US; both the original X-rated and the later R-rated version are today available on VHS and DVD. Notably, the MPAA has since reclassified the X-rated version of the film to R. The film was rated C (for "condemned") by the United States Catholic Conference's Office for Film and Broadcasting because of its explicit sexual and violent content (such a rating conceptually forbade Catholics from seeing the film so rated; the "condemned" rating was abolished in 1982, and since then films deemed by the conference to have unacceptable levels of sex and/or violence have been rated O, meaning "morally offensive").

In Britain the sexual violence in the film was considered extreme at the time, with the press blaming the influence of the film for an attack on a homeless person. It was widely believed that Kubrick's annoyance at this response led to him withdrawing the film from distribution in the United Kingdom. However, in a television documentary made after Kubrick's death, his widow Christiane confirmed rumours that Kubrick had withdrawn A Clockwork Orange from UK distribution on police advice after threats were made against Kubrick and his family. (The source of the threats was not discussed.) That Warner Bros. acceded to Kubrick's request to withdraw the film is an indication of the remarkable relationship Kubrick had with the studio, particularly the executive Terry Semel. Whatever the reason for the film's withdrawal, it could not easily be seen in Britain for some 27 years, until after Kubrick's death.

Spin-offs

Seven years prior to Stanley Kubrick's production of A Clockwork Orange, Andy Warhol had produced a low-budget, artistic version, titled Clockwork (also known as Vinyl). Reportedly, the only two recognizable scenes are those where Victor (Alex) wreaks general havoc and undergoes the Ludovico treatment.

In 1995, a highly-acclaimed pornographic video, titled A Clockwork Orgy, was produced. The video remains very close to Stanley Kubrick's version, in its high-quality sets, production values, and reasonably coherent storyline. The only illogical (but necessary) nuance is that Burgess's "ultraviolence" is replaced by "ultra-sex," and the men "attacked" by Alex(andra) and her "droogs" have a really hard time pretending to be abused.

Cast Information, Short Synopsis and Stills (Partial Nudity) (http://www.geocities.com/malcolmtribute/aco/acoorgy.html)

Unrealized adaptations

Members of The Rolling Stones proposed to film their own adaptation before Stanley Kubrick decided to do so. Other unrealized versions were to contain girls in miniskirts or senior citizens instead of the teenage rowdies.

Soundtrack

As with most major movie releases, a soundtrack was issued for A Clockwork Orange. It may be considered to be a monumental album in that it contains a "first": the song "March From A Clockwork Orange" was the first recorded song to feature the use of a vocoder. It is available on the Warner Bros. label and the tracks are as follows:

  1. Title Music From A Clockwork Orange - Walter Carlos
  2. The Thieving Magpie (Abridged) - A Deutsche Grammophon Recording
  3. Theme From A Clockwork Orange (Beethoviana) - Walter Carlos
  4. Ninth Symphony, Second Movement (Abridged) - A Deutsche Grammophon Recording
  5. March From A Clockwork Orange (Ninth Symphony, Fourth Movement, Abridged) - Walter Carlos and Rachel Elkind
  6. William Tell Overture (Abridged) - Walter Carlos
  7. Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 - Sir Edward Elgar
  8. Pomp And Circumstance March No. IV (Abridged) - Sir Edward Elgar
  9. Timesteps (Excerpt) - Walter Carlos
  10. Overture To The Sun - Terry Tucker
  11. I Want To Marry A Lighthouse Keeper - Erike Eigen
  12. William Tell Overture (Abridged)- A Deutsche Grammophon Recording
  13. Suicide Scherzo (Ninth Symphony, Second Movement, Abridged) - Walter Carlos
  14. Ninth Symphony, Fourth Movement, (Abridged) - A Deutsche Grammophon Recording
  15. Singin' In The Rain - Gene Kelly

Three months after the official soundtrack was released, composer Wendy Carlos released a version (Columbia KC 31480) containing unused cues and other musical elements which had not appeared in the film. Kubrick had only used part of Carlos's Timesteps, for example, and the synthesizer rendition of the Scherzo from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony had been shortened. In addition to these materials, the second soundtrack LP contained a synthesizer version of Rossini's La Gazza Ladra, for which Kubrick had used an orchestral performance. In 1998, a compact disc was distributed containing a new, digital remastering of the synthesizer material. The CD contains Carlos's compositions, including those Kubrick did not use, and the cues Biblical Daydreams and Orange Minuet which the 1972 LP had not included.

It is interesting to note that Wendy Carlos had composed the first three minutes of Timesteps before reading Burgess's novel. Originally, Carlos had intended Timesteps to introduce a rendition of the Ninth Symphony 's Choral movement, played with a vocoder. Timesteps was completed roughly the same time Kubrick had wrapped photography for his film; it and the vocoder performance of Beethoven's Ninth became the foundation for Carlos and Kubrick's collaboration.

References

  • 1 A Clockwork Orange: A play with music Century Hutchinson Ltd, 1987. An extract is quoted on several web sites: 1 (http://pers-www.wlv.ac.uk/~fa1871/burgess.html) 2 (http://pages.eidosnet.co.uk/johnnymoped/aclockworktestament/aclockworktestament_anthonyburgessonaclockworkorange_page2.html) 3 (http://kubricks0.tripod.com/burgesam.htm)
  • 2 Clockwork Oranges: in 1985, Anthony Burgess, Hutchinson, 1978 ISBN 0091360803. Extracts quoted here (http://pages.eidosnet.co.uk/johnnymoped/aclockworktestament/aclockworktestament_beingtheadventures_page1.html).
  • 3 Gore Vidal 'Why I am 8 years younger than Anthony Burgess' United States p411.

Related topics

External links

Clockwork Orange is also the nickname of Glasgow Underground, the SPT metro line of Glasgow, Scotland.


Category:Science fiction films

 


Subcategories

There are 9 subcategories to this category.

A

B

M

P

S

Articles in category "Science fiction films"

There are 135 articles in this category.

2

4

A

B

C

D

E

E

F

G

I

J

K

L

M

O

P

Q

R

R

S

T

U

V

W

X
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_films"

Category:Cult films

 


This is a list of cult films.

Articles in category "Cult films"

There are 120 articles in this category.

*

2

A

B

C

D

E

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cult_films"

Category:AFI 100 Thrills

 

Films on the American Film Institute's "100 Years..100 Thrills" list, part of the 100 Years Series.


Articles in category "AFI 100 Thrills"

There are 100 articles in this category.

1

2

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

P

R

S

T

V

W
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:AFI_100_Thrills"

Category:Dystopian novels



Articles in category "Dystopian novels"

There are 31 articles in this category.

3

A

B

C

D

F

F

G

H

L

M

N

Category:Dystopian films



Subcategories

There are 1 subcategories to this category.

M

Articles in category "Dystopian films"

There are 37 articles in this category.

A

B

C

E

E

F

G

H

L

M

N

P

R